What question did this study set out to answer?

To identify and evaluate gaps in clinical performance and technologies like 3D printing and surface functionalization for PEEK implants used in cranioplasty.

March 12, 2026Open Access

PEEK Implants for Cranioplasty: A Mapping Review of 3D Printing, Surface Functionalisation, and Clinical Performance Gaps

ZHZoltán M Horváth RVRoman ViterUniversity of Latvia OROskars RadziņšRiga Technical University

Key Points

To identify and evaluate gaps in clinical performance and technologies like 3D printing and surface functionalization for PEEK implants used in cranioplasty.
Conducted a mapping review of existing literature on PEEK implants for cranioplasty.
Reviewed studies focusing on 3D printing techniques and surface treatments.
Analyzed intra-and postoperative complications, particularly infections and outcomes associated with autologous grafts.
Identified significant complications related to infection as a primary cause of implant failure.
Noted that autologous bone grafts can fail in up to 50% of cases.
Highlighted the need for improved surface functionalization and biocompatibility in PEEK implants.

Abstract

Cranioplasty remains associated with significant intra-and postoperative complications, with infection as the leading cause of implant failure. Autologous bone grafts, in particular, may fail in up to 50% of cases...

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