Findings provide empirical support for the ecological-resilience model, demonstrating that adaptive functioning arises from the interplay among individual capacities, community relationships, and broader societal contexts. The inductive interpretation revealed distinct pathways linking personal and collective resources to resilience outcomes, highlighting that recovery and adaptation after adversity are sustained through dynamic, multilevel resource systems rather than isolated individual attributes. Taken together, these findings support an inside-out ecological organization of resilience, with the COVID-19 pandemic illuminating shifting tensions between individual and collective pathways and positioning resilience as a dynamic, multilevel process rather than a purely individual attribute. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).
Meulen et al. (Mon,) studied this question.