"background": "The adoption of automated process-control systems in industrial and construction sectors is promoted to enhance operational efficiency. However, rigorous quantitative evidence of their impact, particularly in West African contexts with distinct infrastructural and operational constraints, remains scarce. ", "purpose and objectives": "This study aims to methodologically evaluate the causal effect of implementing modern process-control systems on production efficiency within the Senegalese structural engineering sector, quantifying the magnitude of any gains. ", "methodology": "A quasi-experimental difference-in-differences (DiD) design was employed. Data from 42 firms—21 treatment firms adopting systems and 21 matched controls—were analysed over a multi-year period. The core model is Y{it = \0 + \1 + \2 + \ (\) + \₈ₓ, where \ is the DiD estimator. Inference uses cluster-robust standard errors at the firm level. ", "findings": "The adoption of process-control systems led to a statistically significant increase in a composite efficiency index. The DiD estimate, \, was 0. 184 (95% CI: 0. 112 to 0. 256), indicating an 18. 4% average improvement relative to control firms. The result was robust to multiple sensitivity checks. ", "conclusion": "The implementation of these systems confers substantial and measurable efficiency improvements in this context, validating their strategic value for engineering firms. ", "recommendations": "Industry stakeholders should prioritise investment in tailored process-control technologies. Policymakers are encouraged to develop support mechanisms, such as targeted financing schemes, to accelerate adoption across the sector. ", "key words": "process control, efficiency, difference-in-differences, engineering management, Senegal", "contribution statement": "This paper provides the first application of a quasi-experimental DiD framework to
Diop et al. (Sun,) studied this question.