Fluvial Processes and Formation of the Hoko River Archaeological Site, Olympic Peninsula, Washington

The aim of this study is to define the paleogeomorphic setting of the Hoko River archaeological site, and to determine the spatial and temporal association of archaeological finds. The depositional history of the site was reconstructed to assess the cultural and non-cultural processes affecting site formation and influencing the content and patterning of the archaeological assemblage. Aerial extent, duration of occupation, and synchroneity of site components were delineated. The effects of changing base level and climate over the last 10,000 years on fluvial sedimentological processes at Hoko were considered in interpreting of the formation of the Hoko River site. Geologi- cal studies conducted at Hoko included an examination of lithology, stratigra­phy, and paleocurrent indicators along a 187 m long terrace bank section. Frequency of avulsion events (stability of the channel), and the rate and mode of channel migration were also assessed. Sections were mapped and sediment samples collected from modern channel deposits located across from the site, on the south bank of the Hoke River. Samples were analyzed to determine the lithology of modern Hoko River bedforms and sedimentary structures as an ana- log to the ancient deposits. The nature, frequency, and type of historic artifact deposited on the modern river deposits was also evaluated. Results of sedimentological analysis indicate that the Hoko River site was located on a point bar forming in. an estuarine environment following a local avulsion event. Perishable artifacts and other organic material were deposited on the lee slopes of the upper bar, probably in permanently inundated areas near the bar tail. The 16 charcoal-stained campsite layers were deposited further from the edge of the bar, in an area that would have been suitable for habitation and other activities. The archaeological record at Hoko represents only a fraction of the original discarded remains, with preferential depletion or removal of easily transportable objects. However, it is hypothesized that archaeological deposits were primarily the result of cultural activity which took place on the ancient point bar.