What question did this study set out to answer?

This study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of serum cytokines in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events in acute myocardial infarction patients post-intervention.

March 25, 2026Open Access

Prognostic Utility of the Cytokine Profile for Predicting Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Acute Myocardial Infarction Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Key Points

This study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of serum cytokines in predicting major adverse cardiovascular events in acute myocardial infarction patients post-intervention.
Enrolled 232 patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

Structured PICO

Does an elevated serum cytokine profile at admission predict major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction following percutaneous coronary intervention?

Population

232 adults (mean age 63, 75.9% male) with acute myocardial infarction (50.4% STEMI, 49.6% NSTEMI) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with a symptom-to-procedure time of less than 12 hours at a single center in China.

Intervention

Measurement of serum cytokine profile (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α) at admission to predict cardiovascular risk.

Outcome

Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as a composite of cardiac death, all-cause mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, malignant arrhythmia, recurrent angina pectoris, or acute heart failure at 1-year follow-up.composite

Elevated baseline serum cytokines, particularly IL-6 and the IL-6/IL-10 ratio, demonstrate strong predictive value for 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with acute myocardial infarction following PCI.

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to assess the clinical utility and prognostic value of a panel of serum cytokines for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: We enrolled 232 AMI patients who underwent PCI. Based on the occurrence of MACE during follow-up, patients were categorized into a poor prognosis group (n=127) and a good prognosis group (n=105). Serum levels of interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured. Spearman correlation analysis was employed to evaluate the relationships between cytokine levels and MACE risk. Nine distinct machine learning models, incorporating all identified independent risk factors for MACE, were developed and evaluated. Results: Levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were significantly elevated in patients who developed MACE compared to those who did not. IL-6 emerged as a relatively strong predictor of MACE, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.77– 0.87). The IL-6/IL-10 ratio also demonstrated predictive value for MACE (AUC=0.74, 95% CI: 0.69– 0.80). Furthermore, significant differences were observed between initial presentation and readmission levels for the IL-8/IL-10 and TNF-α/IL-10 ratios in patients readmitted for AMI following MACE. Among the nine machine learning models constructed, the XGBoost and Logistic Regression models, which incorporated all independent risk factors, demonstrated robust performance, both AUC values exceeded 0.8. Conclusion: AMI patients with elevated serum cytokine levels exhibited a lower 1-year survival rate. Serum cytokine profiles show significant predictive value for MACE following PCI in AMI patients. Keywords: major adverse cardiovascular events, percutaneous coronary intervention, cytokine, predicting marker

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