Ice accretion occurs when supercooled water droplets or ice particles in the atmosphere impinge on a solid surface and freeze, forming an ice layer. On automotive front bumpers, such layers can obstruct camera, radar, and LiDAR apertures, alter local aerodynamics and drag characteristics, and may cause damage to the vehicle or surroundings upon detachment. To clarify how bumper geometry influences these risks, we conducted two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) icing simulations on a simplified ASMO front-end profile with inclination angles of 69.85°, 75°, and 80°. Airflow was computed using a compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver on overset grids, while individual droplets were tracked using a Lagrangian framework. Ice growth was evaluated using an extended Messinger model. For each inclination angle, the resulting ice-layer distribution was compared in detail. The simulations revealed that inclination angles had little effect around the stagnation region of the bumper but altered the ice shape near the upper surface and downstream. These results provide insights into how local geometry affects early-stage ice accretion behavior under cold-weather driving conditions.
Zheng et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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