Prosocial behavior is a core element of social harmony, and implicit prosocial attitudes, which may outperform explicit assessments in predicting real-world behavior, underscore their unique utility in prosocial and moral research contexts. Moreover, red songs, a distinctive musical form emerging in specific revolutionary and developmental periods of China, align with this prosocial potential, as they are characterized by lyrics advocating patriotism, collective memory, and emotional resonance. However, the specific effect of red songs on implicit prosocial attitudes, as well as the potential moderating role of music training experience in this relationship, remains underexplored. This study aimed to explore whether red songs enhance implicit prosocial attitudes compared to neutral songs, whether music training modulates this effect, and the underlying neural correlates using the Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) and event-related potentials (ERPs). A mixed-factorial design was used with 60 college students (30 with ≥5 years of music training, 30 without). Participants completed the SC-IAT (measuring implicit prosocial D-scores) while EEG data were recorded, while listening to red (“China in the Lantern Light”) and neutral (“Lake Baikal”) songs. ERP components (N1, P2, N3, LPCs) were analyzed. Behaviorally, no significant main effects of song type or music training were observed, but a significant interaction emerged (F(1, 58) = 4.09, p = 0.04): the music training group showed higher D-scores under red songs (M = 0.35, SD = 0.32) than neutral songs (M = 0.15, SD = 0.51), while the non-music training group exhibited the opposite non-significant trend. Neurally, repeated measures ANOVAs revealed a significant main effect of electrode site for N1 (F(4, 212) = 48.63, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.48), with the largest amplitudes at FCz. Red songs elicited larger N1 amplitudes than neutral songs at Fz and FCz, and incongruent trials elicited larger N1 amplitudes at Pz. For P2, a main effect of condition was found (F(1, 52) = 7.02, p = 0.01), with larger amplitudes in incongruent trials, and a significant three-way interaction of song type, condition, and electrode site (F(4, 208) = 4.46, p = 0.006), with larger P2 amplitudes for red songs under incongruent trials at Fz. For N3, main effects of song type (F(1, 53) = 14.48, p < 0.001) and stimulus type (F(2, 106) = 8.32, p = 0.001) were observed; congruent trials elicited larger N3 amplitudes than incongruent trials at Fz and FCz. For LPCs, main effects of song type (F(1, 53) = 4.89, p = 0.03) and electrode site (F(4, 212) = 3.05, p = 0.047) were found, with the largest amplitudes at Pz and the smallest at FCz. Red songs enhance implicit prosocial attitudes specifically among individuals with music training, and are accompanied by multi-stage neurocognitive differences. These findings highlight the conditional effects of red songs and inform prosocial education.
He et al. (Sat,) studied this question.