Background Finite element analysis (FEA) is a computational method used to evaluate stress, strain, and deformation in complex structures. In orthodontics, understanding biomechanical responses within teeth, periodontal ligament, and supporting bone is difficult through direct clinical measurement. Therefore, FEA has emerged as a valuable research tool to simulate orthodontic force systems and predict biological responses. Objective To review the principles of finite element analysis and discuss its applications, advantages, limitations, and clinical implications in orthodontics. Methods A narrative review of the literature was conducted focusing on the fundamental steps involved in FEA, including model generation, meshing, assignment of material properties, application of boundary conditions, and computational analysis of stress and strain within orthodontic structures. Results FEA provides a three-dimensional simulation of orthodontic force systems and enables detailed evaluation of stress distribution in teeth, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and orthodontic appliances. It has been widely applied in studying tooth movement biomechanics, mini-implant stability, bracket–archwire interactions, orthognathic surgery planning, and aligner therapy. The technique allows non-invasive visualization of biomechanical responses and supports optimization of appliance design and treatment mechanics. Conclusion Finite element analysis is a powerful tool that enhances the understanding of orthodontic biomechanics and assists in improving treatment planning and appliance design. With advancements in digital imaging, artificial intelligence, and patient-specific modeling, FEA is expected to play an increasingly important role in evidence-based orthodontic practice.
Toshniwal et al. (Sun,) studied this question.