Abstract: Esophageal cancer treatment has long been limited by the toxicity of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, multidrug resistance, and low immune response. Nanotechnology, with its precise targeting advantages, offers a new solution. This article reviews its core advances: first, achieving enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and reversing drug resistance; second, empowering photodynamic, gene, and immunotherapies, utilizing co-delivery strategies to reshape the microenvironment to activate “cold tumors”; and third, constructing a visualized integrated diagnostic and therapeutic platform. Although clinical translation still faces challenges related to biological barriers and mass production, the integration of biomimetic design, intelligent response, green manufacturing, and organoid screening technologies holds promise for bridging the translational gap and significantly improving patient prognosis. Keywords: nanodelivery system, multidrug resistance, immunotherapy, therapeutic integration, clinical translation
Sun et al. (Sun,) studied this question.