Afghanistan's rough terrain, active tectonics, and unpredictable climate make it one of the most disaster-prone nations in the world, frequently experiencing earthquakes and floods, including flash floods. This study evaluates public knowledge of these two major threats and the status of early warning systems (EWS). It assesses community readiness, technological capabilities, institutional frameworks, and distribution channels. The Afghanistan Meteorological Department (AMD) and Water Resources Department (WRD-MEW) oversee flood EWS, which is still very basic with short lead times, few observation networks, and little telemetry. There is only one active seismic station, making earthquake EWS essentially nonexistent. Gender limitations, poor last-mile communication, and low literacy all contribute to the extremely low level of public knowledge, especially in rural and conflict-affected areas. Institutional fragmentation, capacity limitations beyond 2021, isolation due to sanctions, and inadequate multi-hazard integration are important deficiencies. Both the Sendai Framework and the UN
Hashimi et al. (Sun,) studied this question.