Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Technologies for Personalized Nutrition: A Review

Modern lifestyle trends, such as sedentary behaviour and unhealthy diets, have been associated with obesity, a major health challenge increasing the risk of multiple pathologies. This has prompted many to reassess their routines and seek expert guidance on healthy living. In the digital era, users quickly turn to mobile apps for support. These apps monitor various aspects of daily life, such as physical activity and calorie intake; collect extensive user data; and apply modern data-driven technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), to provide personalised diet and lifestyle recommendations. This work examines the state of the art in data-driven technologies for personalised nutrition, including relevant data collection technologies, and explores the research challenges in this field. A literature review, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline, was conducted using three databases, covering studies from 2021 to 2024, resulting in 67 final studies. The data are presented in separate subsections for recommendation systems (43 works) and data collection technologies (17 works), with a discussion section identifying research challenges. The findings indicate that the fields of data-driven innovation and personalised nutrition are predominately amalgamated in the use of recommender systems.