Caring for people with focal epilepsy: a literature-based guide to clinical practice

Focal epilepsy is a common type of epilepsy characterised by seizures originating from specific brain regions. Focal seizures can occur with consciousness preserved or impaired. Patients may experience neurological and psychological symptoms that affect daily life. The causes include structural abnormalities like congenital malformations or tumours, as well as functional issues from genetic factors or acquired injuries such as traumatic brain injury or infections. Diagnosis involves advanced assessments like electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging to identify abnormalities. Treatment is primarily centred on anti-seizure medications, but surgery or neuromodulation may be considered for cases that are resistant or severe. A personalised treatment plan is crucial for improving the wellbeing and daily functioning of individuals with focal epilepsy. This review provides a comprehensive resource for neuroscience nurses.