Urban floods have become a major systemic risk to sustainable urban development under climate change and increasingly frequent extreme hydro-meteorological events. Yet evidence on the long-term evolution of urban flood resilience (UFR) and its structural constraints at the provincial scale remains limited. This study develops a PSR-based framework to assess UFR and diagnose its dominant obstacles using data for 21 prefecture-level cities in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2023, including meteorological, geomorphological, socioeconomic, infrastructure, environmental, and public service indicators. A combined AHP–EWM is used to integrate subjective and objective information, TOPSIS is applied to derive a composite UFR index and subsystem scores, and an obstacle degree model is employed to identify key constraints and their temporal evolution. Results show that: (1) UFR in Sichuan Province fluctuated but increased overall during 2011–2023, reaching its highest level in 2023; (2) resilience improvement was driven mainly by the response subsystem, while the pressure subsystem showed the greatest interannual variability; and (3) the annual top five obstacles were highly persistent and insufficient response capacity was the dominant long-term constraint on resilience enhancement. These findings underscore that improving the adequacy, institutional robustness, and operational stability of response systems is central to enhancing UFR. This study provides empirical support for the assessment of provincial-scale resilience and policy-oriented flood risk governance.
Tian et al. (Thu,) studied this question.