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In vitro blockade of the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway decreases apoptosis and improves immune cell function in septic patients. The current results together with multiple positive studies of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 in animal models of bacterial and fungal infections and the relative safety profile of anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 in human oncology trials to date strongly support the initiation of clinical trials testing these antibodies in sepsis, a disorder with a high mortality.
Chang et al. (Sat,) studied this question.