This study investigates the construction of a topological network for resilient low-altitude vertiports. Addressing the issue of excessive network redundancy often caused by maximizing algebraic connectivity in traditional topology optimization problems, we employ algebraic connectivity—a key spectral metric—as a measure of network topology resilience. The objective function employs normalized algebraic connectivity that simultaneously considers total network distance, achieving an effective trade-off between global fault tolerance and construction costs at the model level. To address this challenging combinatorial optimization problem, the Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm is mechanistically enhanced. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior performance in key metrics such as objective function value and total network distance, significantly enhancing network resilience while controlling construction costs. For the optimized network topology solutions, simulations of six failure modes for nodes and edges analyze the response characteristics of the vertiport network’s maximum connected subgraph proportion and global efficiency during the gradual removal of nodes and edges. Results demonstrate that the designed vertiport topology network exhibits robust resilience. It maintains high connectivity and global efficiency under both random attacks and degree-based targeted node attacks, showcasing strong engineering applicability.
Xie et al. (Wed,) studied this question.