This study explores the use of sustainable natural resources in wastewater treatment, focusing on Paronychia carica, a member of the Magnoliopsida class, as a biosorbent for removing Procion Red dye (PR) from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time on the adsorption performance were systematically investigated. Maximum dye uptake (83%) was achieved after 4 hours with an initial dye concentration of 30 mg L−1 and 0.5 g ofadsorbent at a mildly acidic pH of 4.0. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, with the calculated equilibrium capacity closely matching the experimental value, highlighting the dominant role of available adsorption sites. Equilibrum data were best described by the Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models, confirming adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. The mean free adsorption energy from the D–R model (E = 8.53 kJ mol⁻¹) indicated that the physisorption is the primary mechanism. These findings demonstrate that P. carica can efficiently and rapidly remove PR dye under mild conditions. Overall, the study highlights the potential of P. carica as a low-cost, sustainable biosorbent for textile wastewater remediation, promoting eco-friendly treatment and supporting global efforts to reduce industrial pollution.
Zeytünlüoğlu et al. (Sun,) studied this question.