Accidents of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation in radiology departments: risks, prevention, and management.

Occupational exposure to ionizing radiation in radiology departments is a rare but important concern, given the potential long-term health effects and the regulatory framework surrounding radioprotection. This review analyzes the main risks associated with exposure to X-rays, including cancer, cataracts, radiodermatitis, pregnancy risks, and reduced fertility, as well as the specific contexts in which accidents occur. The majority of significant exposure incidents are reported in interventional radiology, where proximity to the radiation source and prolonged fluoroscopy times increase operator exposure. Causes include human error, lack of training, inadequate protective equipment, or technical malfunctions. Radioprotection measures are detailed, including zoning, collective and personal protective equipment, dosimetric monitoring, and medical surveillance. The management of significant radioprotection events (ESR) is described, with emphasis on immediate site actions, medical care of exposed staff, reporting obligations, and corrective measures. The review highlights the role of key stakeholders including the Radiation Protection Officer (CRP), the Nuclear Safety and Radioprotection Authority (ASNR), and the Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN). Despite the low incidence of accidents, continuous training, rigorous adherence to protocols, and optimal use of protective measures remain essential. Recent reports confirm the rarity of exposures exceeding regulatory limits but underscore the necessity of vigilance in interventional settings.