Two Decades of the Futures Triangle (2003–2024): A Critical Review of Theory, Method and Practice

This paper presents a comprehensive and evidence-based (case studies) evaluation of the Futures Triangle (FT). Tracing its origins to a 1997 academic workshop and its integration within the Six Pillars of Foresight framework, the study synthesizes the conceptual evolution of FT, theoretical foundations and methodological adaptations. Drawing on an extensive body of peer-reviewed case studies and scholarly analyses, it examines the broad applications of FT in public policy, corporate strategy, education, community development and health systems. Findings indicate that the FT functions as a versatile, accessible and participatory mapping tool, fostering democratic engagement, transformative learning and strategic foresight. Its greatest strength lies in enabling dialogue and collective sensemaking, particularly when integrated with complementary methods such as Causal Layered Analysis. However, limitations are also acknowledged, including its static nature, facilitator bias and limited causal depth.