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To protect the converters and minimize the power transmission interruption during dc line faults, it is necessary to detect the faults at ultra high speed for the modular multilevel converter (MMC)-based HVdc grids. This article reviews the state-of-the-art of dc fault protection methods of MMC-HVdc grids, and summarizes the underlying principles of each method. On this basis, the dc fault characteristics analysis in terms of modal-domain, time-domain, and frequency-domain are analyzed, which direct the protection design. Typical boundary protection and nonboundary protection schemes are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of existing fault protection methods are compared. A two-terminal MMC-HVdc prototype is developed to test the effectiveness of three fault protection methods. Comprehensive quantitative assessments of the protection methods discussed above are carried out in a four-terminal MMC-HVdc grid. Finally, the future trends of the protection schemes are discussed and the findings are concluded.
Xiang et al. (Tue,) studied this question.
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