The Solar–atmospheric Connection in Southern Africa

This monograph presents a comprehensive 44‑year analysis (1982–2025) of the solar–atmospheric connection in Southern Africa, integrating long‑term observational records with established climate indices and solar variability metrics. The study examines how fluctuations in solar activity influence regional atmospheric circulation, jet‑stream positioning, pressure anomalies, and rainfall distribution across the subcontinent. Particular emphasis is placed on the behaviour of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), the A‑Index, ENSO phases, and their combined modulation of seasonal and interannual climate patterns. The findings highlight consistent relationships between solar cycle transitions and shifts in circulation regimes affecting Southern Africa’s rainfall variability. This work provides a detailed, data‑driven framework for understanding solar–climate coupling in the region and offers a valuable reference for researchers, forecasters, and climate communicators.