Effect of 3 Forms of Early Intervention for Young People With Borderline Personality Disorder

Importance: Clinical trials have neither focused on early intervention for psychosocial impairment nor on the contribution of components of borderline personality disorder (BPD) treatment beyond individual psychotherapy. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of 3 early interventions for BPD of differing complexity. Design, Settings, and Participants: This single-blinded randomized clinical trial recruited young people between March 17, 2011, and September 30, 2015, into parallel groups. The study took place at 2 government-funded mental health services for young people in Melbourne, Australia. Inclusion criteria were age 15 to 25 years (inclusive), recent DSM-IV-TR BPD diagnosis, and never receiving evidence-based BPD treatment. A total of 139 participants were randomized (pool of 876; 70 declined, 667 excluded), balanced for sex, age, and depressive symptomatology. Data analysis completed May 2020. Interventions: (1) The Helping Young People Early (HYPE) dedicated BPD service model for young people, combined with weekly cognitive analytic therapy (CAT); (2) HYPE combined with a weekly befriending psychotherapy control condition; and (3) a general youth mental health service (YMHS) model, combined with befriending. Therefore, the 3 treatment arms were HYPE + CAT, HYPE + befriending, and YMHS + befriending. Participants were randomly assigned both to 1 treatment arm (in a 1:1:1 ratio) and to a clinician. Main Outcomes and Measures: Psychosocial functioning, measured with the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Version and the Social Adjustment Scale Self-report. Results: One hundred twenty-eight participants (104 81.3% were female; mean SD age, 19.1 2.8 years; HYPE + CAT: 40 31.3%; HYPE + befriending: 45 35.2%; YMHS + befriending: 43 33.6%) who provided postbaseline data were included in the intent-to-treat analysis. Regardless of group, from baseline to 12 months, there was a mean of 19.3% to 23.8% improvement in the primary outcomes and 40.7% to 52.7% for all secondary outcomes, except severity of substance use and client satisfaction. The latter remained high across all time points. Planned comparisons (YMHS + befriending vs HYPE; HYPE + CAT vs befriending) showed that neither the service model nor the psychotherapy intervention was associated with a superior rate of change in psychosocial functioning by the 12-month primary end point. The HYPE service model was superior to YMHS + befriending for treatment attendance (median IQR, 22 19 vs 3 16 contacts; median duration, 200 139.5 vs 94 125 days) and treatment completion (44 of 92 47.8% vs 9 of 47 19.2%). HYPE + CAT was superior to befriending for treatment attendance (median IQR, 12 16.5 vs 3 9.8 sessions) and treatment completion (24 of 46 52.2% vs 29 of 93 31.2%). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial of 3 interventions for young people with BPD, effective early intervention was not reliant on availability of specialist psychotherapy but did require youth-oriented clinical case management and psychiatric care. A dedicated early intervention BPD service model (HYPE), with or without individual psychotherapy, achieved greater treatment attendance and completion, making it more likely to meet service user, family, and community expectations of care. Trial Registration: anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12610000100099.