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BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease in the pediatric age group, affecting 15%-20% of children globally. Initial treatment modes include hydration, occlusive topical medicines, antimicrobial treatment, phototherapy, and systemic immune suppressants in the case of severe to moderate refractory AD. However, there is a lack of head-to-head studies on the choice of topical and systemic therapies for moderate to severe AD in the pediatric age group. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of topical and systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe AD in the pediatric age group. METHOD: A systematic review was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A search of articles was done from PubMed and Google Scholar from 1975 to 2023. RESULTS: We found a total of 1114 possible clinical trials. Of these, 68 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Thirty-four articles discussed topical therapies, which included corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and emollients, and 34 articles were about systemic therapies, consisting of cyclosporine, dupilumab, upadacitinib, thymopentin, omalizumab, antihistamines, probiotics, and others. Out of 68 studies, 41 were randomized controlled trials. CONCLUSION: Based on the study results, we conclude that topical steroids and calcineurin inhibitors are effective and safe in mild to moderate pediatric AD. It was also demonstrated that while systemic monotherapy with dupilumab (in age groups younger than 6 months) and JAK inhibitors (like abrocitinib and upadacitinib in those younger than 12 years) is highly effective in rapidly reducing severity scores, their high cost and limited availability restrict their use in countries like India. In such settings, cyclosporine (and sometimes oral prednisolone in tapering doses over 2 weeks) is still recommended as a first-line therapy in severe AD while planning for steroid-sparing agents.
Mahajan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.