Recent Advancements in the Synthesis of Thiazole Derivatives with Promising Anti-Breast Cancer Activity

Abstract: Breast cancer is still the most prevalent cause of cancer-related death in women, and resistance and relapse frequently restrict the effectiveness of current therapy. Thiazole derivatives, a well-known class of heterocyclic compounds containing sulphur, have shown great promise as adaptable scaffolds with anticancer properties. Their molecular functions in targeting various breast cancer receptors and signaling cascades, as well as their structural variety and synthesis techniques, are highlighted in this study. While thiazole-based drugs effectively inhibit HER2, EGFR, VEGFR, CDK4/6, and aromatase enzymes, they also have considerable affinity for estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors. In addition, derivatives have demonstrated multitarget inhibitory qualities, specifically against the PARP enzymes and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis, which can help overcome treatment resistance. Numerous thiazole hybrids have been shown in preclinical research to cause reduced angiogenesis, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines, including aggressive subtypes like triple-negative breast cancer. Despite the difficulties associated with systemic toxicity and pharmacokinetic variability, prodrug design, nanocarriers, and antibody-drug conjugates are promising developments. The design of next-generation, multitargeted therapies to increase the effectiveness and survival rates of patients with breast cancer is greatly aided by the collective thiazole derivatives.