Second-order optical response in semiconductors

We present a new general formalism for investigating the second-order optical response of solids, and illustrate it by deriving expressions for the second-order susceptibility tensor ₂ (-_;_, _), where _=_+_, for clean, cold semiconductors in the independent particle approximation. Based on the identification of a polarization operator P that would be valid even in a more complicated many-body treatment, the approach avoids apparent, unphysical divergences of the nonlinear optical response at zero frequency that sometimes plague such calculations. As a result, it allows for a careful examination of actual divergences associated with physical phenomena that have been studied before, but not in the context of nonlinear optics. These are (i) a coherent current control effect called ``injection current, '' or ``circular photocurrent, '' and (ii) photocurrent due to the shift of the center of electron charge in noncentrosymmetric materials in the process of optical excitation, called ``shift current. '' The expressions we present are amenable for numerical calculations, and we demonstrate this by performing a full band-structure calculation of the shift current coefficient for GaAs.