The Emic-Etic Divide in Test Development and Adaptation

1 Culture is very difficult to define in psychological research.Many times the concept is confounded in the context of test adaptation with "national culture" defined as "a set of meaningful discursive and ritual practices that are shared by individuals" (Zubrzycki, 2010, p. 523), which are visible in everyday practices, both in material objects and in non-material constructs (e.g., symbols), and are based on historical precedent and are often defined by a language and/or by a political border or national identity.