The exponential rise in data-center heat flux demands secondary-side liquid-to-liquid heat exchangers that simultaneously offer high compactness, low pressure penalty and reliable operation. This study investigates three triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures-Gyroid, Diamond, and Schwarz-embedded in cylindrical coordinates for secondary-side liquid cooling in data centers. Among these, the Diamond structure demonstrates superior thermal performance, achieving a maximum volumetric heat transfer rate of 140.13 W/cm 3 and a Nusselt number of 147.94 at Re = 100,000, substantially exceeding conventional plate heat exchangers. Parametric analysis reveals that the angular span ( β ) significantly influences thermo-hydraulic performance. The β =30° configuration achieves optimal performance, with performance evaluation criteria (PEC) values 205% and 89.1% higher than those of β =60° and β =20°, respectively. This enhancement is attributed to intensified vorticity distribution and effective boundary layer disruption. These findings demonstrate that geometric optimization of cylindrical TPMS heat exchangers offers a viable pathway to improving system-level energy efficiency through enhanced heat transfer and reduced pumping power.
Lu et al. (Fri,) studied this question.