Hyphantria cunea (H. cunea) is a serious forest pest, while its parasitic natural enemy, Chouioia cunea Yang (C. cunea), along with sex pheromone traps, can effectively control the population of H. cunea. H. cunea exhibits intraspecific competition for food, space, and other resources, and C. cunea preferentially targets areas with higher H. cunea density. Both situations are nonlocal and can be characterized by top-hat kernels. Therefore, we formulate a H. cunea–C. cunea (H–C) model that incorporates both nonlocal perception and nonlocal competition with top-hat perception kernels, and investigate how these factors affect the stability and spatiotemporal patterns. We use perception coefficient and perceptual range of C. cunea as bifurcation parameters to derive conditions for the existence of several bifurcations. We simulate spatiotemporal patterns near Turing bifurcation points with higher release rates of C. cunea, and near Hopf and Turing–Hopf bifurcation points with lower release rates. We find that the combination of the two nonlocal effects can generate boundary-enriched spatiotemporal patterns when bifurcation parameters belong to specific intervals. Finally, the results indicate that if boundary-enriched spatiotemporal patterns occur, the artificial release rate of C. cunea should be immediately increased. Additionally, if C. cunea has strong perception, it can effectively control the pest population. This study provides an important theoretical basis for comprehensive pest management.
Xia et al. (Wed,) studied this question.