ABSTRACT Sodium metal batteries hold significant promise for large‐scale energy storage due to the high theoretical capacity and abundant sodium sources, yet sodium‐metal anodes are hindered by dendrite propagation, unstable solid electrolyte interphase, and poor cycling efficiency arising from uneven Na deposition and volume changes. Herein, we introduce an interfacial engineering strategy by sputtering sodiophilic metal films (Au, Ag, or Ge) onto liquid Ga‐Sn‐In alloy‐functionalized Cu current collectors (GSIC) to guide uniform sodium plating and improve plating/stripping reversibility. Benefiting from strong alloying interactions between Na and Au and a gradient distribution of Au in the Ga layer, the optimized Au‐GSIC yields a nucleation barrier as low as 12.4 mV, outperforming the bare GSIC (15 mV), and achieves an average Coulombic efficiency of 92.7% (GSIC: 91.5%). Symmetric cells with this anode sustain stable operation for over 1460 h at 1 mA cm −2 and 1 mAh cm −2 with an ultralow hysteresis of 3.4 mV. Ex situ analyses reveal compact, dendrite‐free sodium layers with preserved morphology and homogeneous volume changes. Leveraging the deformability of liquid alloy and the regulation effects of sodiophilic Au interlayer on Na deposition, Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 ‐based sodium‐metal full cells exhibit an initial discharge capacity of 117 mAh g −1 at 5C and capacity retention of ∼80% after 300 cycles, alongside robust high‐temperature endurance at 40°C. The hybrid design featuring gradient Au distribution within the liquid metal layer provides a viable strategy for regulating sodium deposition behavior on liquid alloy‐based substrates, enabling durable and dendrite‐free sodium metal anodes.
Xing et al. (Fri,) studied this question.
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