Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
The existence of superheavy monopoles is a necessary consequence of grand unified field theories. Estimates of the number of monopoles produced in the early Universe are made under some very general assumptions. Except possibly for the case of small Higgs mass, the number produced is many orders of magnitude greater than that allowed by the standard "hot" big-bang cosmology.
Einhorn et al. (Sun,) studied this question.