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Contents: The Logic of Electoral Authoritarianism - A. Schedler. Methodological Challenges. Drawing Boundaries: How to Craft Intermediate Regime Categories - G.L. Munck. Observer Paradoxes: How to Assess Electoral Manipulation - J. Hartlyn and J. McCoy. Regime and Opposition Dynamics. Elite Ruptures: When Do Ruling Parties Split? - J. Langston. Tipping Games: When Do Opposition Parties Coalesce? - N. van de Walle. The Electoral Battlefield. Manipulative Skills: How Do Rulers Control the Electoral Arena? - W. Case. After Defeat: When Do Rulers Steal Elections? - M.R. Thompson and P. Kuntz. Armed Arbiters: When Does the Military Step into the Electoral Arena? - J.F. Clark. Tragic Protest: Why Do Opposition Parties Boycott Elections? - S.I. Lindberg. Shifting Power Relations. Authoritarian Failure: How Does State Weakness Strengthen Electoral Competition? - L.A. Way. Creative Constitutions: How Do Parliamentary Powers Shape the Electoral Arena? - M.S. Fish. Linkage and Leverage: How Do International Factors Change Domestic Balances of Power? - S. Levitsky and L.A. Way. Conclusion. Beyond Electoral Authoritarianism: The Spectrum of Nondemocratic Regimes - R. Snyder.
A Fri, study studied this question.