Rapid advancements in medical devices and implant technologies have transformed healthcare, providing innovative solutions across orthopedics, cardiovascular, dentistry, neurology, and cosmetic applications. These implants enhance patient outcomes by restoring function and improving quality of life. This review highlights progress in materials, design strategies, manufacturing methods, and regulatory frameworks. The use of biocompatible metals, ceramics, polymers, and emerging biomaterials has improved implant durability, mechanical integrity, and compatibility. Fabrication techniques such as 3D printing and additive manufacturing now enable highly customized, patient-specific implants. Surface modifications, nanotechnology, and bioactive coatings further enhance osseointegration and reduce infection risks. Regulatory standards remain central to ensuring safety and efficacy, yet challenges persist, including long-term biocompatibility, immune responses, and high costs. Addressing these issues while harnessing technological innovations will be key to advancing the field. This article provides a comprehensive overview of current trends, challenges, and future directions to guide researchers, clinicians, and industry stakeholders in driving continued innovation.
Shetty et al. (Tue,) studied this question.