Comprehensive 18F-FDG PET-based radiomics in elevating the pathological response to neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy for resectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: A pilot study

Purpose To develop a comprehensive PET radiomics model to predict the pathological response after neoadjuvant toripalimab with chemotherapy in resectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods Stage III NSCLC patients who received three cycles of neoadjuvant toripalimab with chemotherapy and underwent 18 F-FDG PET/CT were enrolled. Baseline 18 F-FDG PET/CT was performed before treatment, and preoperative 18 F-FDG PET/CT was performed three weeks after the completion of neoadjuvant treatment. Surgical resection was performed 4–5 weeks after the completion of neoadjuvant treatment. Standardized uptake value (SUV) statistics features and radiomics features were derived from baseline and preoperative PET images. Delta features were derived. The radiologic response and metabolic response were assessed by iRECIST and iPERCIST, respectively. The correlations between PD-L1 expression, driver-gene status, peripheral blood biomarkers, and the pathological responses (complete pathological response CPR; major pathological response MPR) were assessed. Associations between PET features and pathological responses were evaluated by logistic regression. Results Thirty patients underwent surgery and 29 of them performed preoperative PET/CT. Twenty patients achieved MPR and 16 of them achieved CPR. In univariate analysis, five SUV statistics features and two radiomics features were significantly associated with pathological responses. In multi-variate analysis, SUV max , SUV peak , SUL peak , and End-PET-GLDM-LargeDependenceHighGrayLevelEmphasis (End-GLDM-LDHGLE) were independently associated with CPR. SUV peak and SUL peak performed better than SUV max and SUL max for MPR prediction. No significant correlation, neither between the radiologic response and the pathological response, nor among PD-L1, driver gene status, and baseline PET features was found. Inflammatory response biomarkers by peripheral blood showed no difference in different treatment responses. Conclusion The logistic regression model using comprehensive PET features contributed to predicting the pathological response after neoadjuvant toripalimab with chemotherapy in resectable stage III NSCLC patients.