Models for integrating toxicology concepts into chemistry courses and programs

Toxicology and related concepts are being taught within chemistry education programs to enable students to (1) develop an awareness of toxicological principles and concepts that are otherwise absent from the chemistry curriculum for undergraduates and (2) design chemical products and processes that have reduced health and environmental hazards. This manuscript presents three model courses from different higher education institutions, presenting different approaches for introducing toxicology concepts to students. The models are presented not as prescriptive approaches, but as inspirational models for others to use to generate their own unique approaches to integrating and teaching toxicology concepts.