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Data centers worldwide consume a large amount of energy and pose serious threats to the environment. Combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) and waste heat reuse (WHR) systems are two effective approaches to improve the data center energy efficiency. However, whether and to what extent the combination of them can bring further performance improvement have not been explored yet. Moreover, it is unclear how to manage the energy flow in such a hybrid system. In this article, we try to answer these questions by proposing a data center energy architecture that includes both CCHP and WHR technologies. We formulate the energy management problem as two optimization problems with different objectives. By analytically solving the optimization problems, two energy management strategies, namely, Following the electrical load with waste heat reuse (FEL-WHR) and operating cost-aware energy management with waste heat reuse (OCM-WHR), are developed. We evaluate the performance of proposed solutions by extensive simulations using a real-world workload trace from a production data center. Numerical results suggest that the CCHP and WHR technologies generally reduce the operating cost and are more environmental friendly. If the power generation efficiency of CCHP system is high, the impact of WHR will be more conspicuous (up to 8 percent improvement) and FEL-WHR is recommended because it achieves better sustainability at an operating cost comparable to OCM-WHR. Otherwise, WHR only improves the sustainability trivially, and the energy management policy should be carefully chosen according to the data center operator's objective.
Wan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.