Learning a foreign language as leisure and consumption: enjoyment, desire, and the business ofeikaiwa

Abstract Social inclusion typically refers to the integration of the disadvantaged into the mainstream society as a national agenda. However, social inclusion in a broader sense addresses aspirations to be included in a global imagined community as well as a local community of like-minded people. Drawing on a qualitative study of men and women learning eikaiwa English conversation in informal settings in Japan, this paper investigates the aspects of leisure and consumption as characteristics of foreign language learning, rather than investment for gaining cultural capital. This perspective highlights the enjoyment of socializing with the teacher and the peers and forms of akogare desire/longing including romantic desire and the aspiration to be like other Japanese people with fluency in English. The manifestations of romantic akogare for white English-speaking men related to learning English were nuanced, diverse, and identified across gender and race. The dimension of leisure and consumption produces and reflects the business interest of the eikaiwa industry which commodifies and exploits whiteness and native speakers. The aspects of leisure and consumption challenge the possibility of critical engagement in foreign language learning.