Tolerability and Efficacy of Long-Term Medical Therapy in Primary Aldosteronism

Abstract Introduction Patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) have increased cardiovascular risk, and there are concerns about the efficacy of medical therapy. Objective We aimed to assess long-term tolerability and efficacy of medical therapy in PA patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective study on 201 PA patients treated with medical therapy (spironolactone, eplerenone, or amiloride) from 2000 to 2020 at 2 tertiary centers. Clinical and biochemical control and side effects were assessed. Results Among 155 patients on long-term medications, 57.4% achieved blood pressure (BP) 140/90 mmHg, 90.1% achieved normokalemia (48.0% potassium ≥4.3 mmol/L), and 63.2% achieved renin 1 ng/mL/h. Concordance of biochemical control using potassium and renin levels was 49.1%. Side effects were experienced by 52.3% of patients, with 10.3% switching, 22.6% decreasing dose, and 11.0% stopping medications. Risk factors for side effects were spironolactone use, dose ≥ 50 mg, treatment duration ≥1 year, male gender, and unilateral PA. Patients with unilateral PA used higher spironolactone doses vs bilateral (57 vs 50 mg, P 0.001) and had more side effects (63.2% vs 41.8%, P = 0.008). Forty-six unilateral PA patients who underwent surgery after initial medical therapy experienced improved BP (systolic from 141 to 135 mmHg, P = 0.045; diastolic from 85 to 79 mmHg, P = 0.002). Conclusion Dose-dependent side effects limit efficacy of medical therapy in PA. Future prospective studies should assess the best monitoring strategy for biochemical control during long-term medical therapy. For unilateral PA, surgery remains preferable, yielding better control with less long-term side effects.