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This paper presents the design and implementation of mmRipple, which empowers commodity mmWave radars with the communication capability through smartphone vibrations. In mmRipple, a smartphone (transmitter) sends messages by modulating smartphone vibrations, while a mmWave radar (receiver) receives the messages by detecting and decoding the smartphone vibrations with mmWave signals. By doing so, a smartphone user can not only be passively sensed by a mmWave radar, but also actively send messages to the radar using her smartphone without any hardware modifications to either the smartphone or the mmWave radar. mmRipple addresses a series of unique technical challenges, including vibration signal generation, tiny vibration sensing, multiple object separation, and movement interference mitigation. We implement and evaluate mmRipple using commodity mmWave radars and smartphones in different practical conditions. Experimental results show that mmRipple achieves an average vibration pattern recognition accuracy of 98.60% within a 2m communication range, and 97.74% within 3m on 11 different types of smartphones. The communication range can be further extended up to 5m with an accuracy of 91.67% with line-of-sight path. To our best knowledge, mmRipple is the first work that allows smartphones to send data to COTS mmWave radars via smartphone vibrations and will enable many new applications such as vibration-based near field communication and pedestrian-to-sensing-infrastructure communication.
Cui et al. (Fri,) studied this question.