Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Artificial muscles are a step closer to becoming reality. Here is reported the construction of an electrically driven muscle-like actuator from a series of layers of crosslinked hydrogels. The stack was allowed to swell in solution before treatment with a 6 V potential, which caused the stack to contract by about 50 % along the x and y axes, as is shown in the Figure.
Liu et al. (Tue,) studied this question.