China’s Network Strategy for Seeking Great Power Status

Existing scholarship on the rise of China and Chinese foreign policy has largely neglected to explain one puzzling phenomenon—although China's network position in the global economic system has become more similar to that of developed countries, China continues to set its foreign policy from the perspective of a developing country. By analysing the relationship between the environmental possibilities and China's intentional strategy, this article argues that the sharp contrast between China's positions in the international political and economic systems reflects China's 'network strategy of embedded rise'. There are two mechanisms that go in opposite directions and jointly determine China's foreign policy location in the international political spectrum. The first, called the 'structural alienation effect', is that wherein divergence in the centre-periphery positions in the global economic network increases the heterogeneity of two countries' preferences, attitudes, and incentives, and in turn weakens alignment of their foreign policies. However, this structural effect is moderated by the second mechanism, namely, the 'strategic affinity effect'. China's strategy of assuming the role of a 'broker' to connect developing countries at the periphery of the international political and economic networks with developed countries at the centre achieves high 'betweenness' centrality, and so increases its social capital and influence in international politics. This article tests the proposed theory of China's network strategy of embedded rise through hierarchical models that use global trade network centrality data and the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) votes of 161 developing countries from 1994 to 2012. Our findings show that the globalized world both constrains and enables China's great power status.