Low Thrust Minimum-Fuel Orbital Transfer: A Homotopic Approach

the study of an earth or-bital transfer with a low thrust (typically electro-ionic) propulsion system. The objective is the maximization of the final mass, which leads to a discontinuous control with a huge number of thrust arcs. The resolution method is based on single shooting, combined to a homotopic approach in order to cope with the problem of the ini-tial guess, which is actually critical for non-trivial problems. An important aspect of this choice is that we make no assumptions on the control structure, and in particular do not set the number of thrust arcs. This strategy allowed us to solve our problem (a trans-fer from Low Earth Orbit to Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit, for a spacecraft with mass of 1500 kgs, either with or without a rendez-vous) for thrusts as low as 0.1N, which corresponds to a one-year transfer involving several hundreds of revolutions and thrust arcs. The numerical results obtained also revealed strong regularity in the optimal control structure, as well as some practically interesting em-piric laws concerning the dependency of the final mass with respect to the transfer time and maximal thrust.