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Innate immune recognition is mediated by a system of germline-encoded receptors that recognize conserved molecular patterns that are associated with microbial pathogens. These receptors are coupled to signal transduction pathways that control expression of a variety of inducible immune-response genes. Toll receptors and the associated signaling pathways of nuclear factor kappaB may represent the most ancient host defense system found in mammals, insects and plants.
Kopp et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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