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There are two broad categories of approaches used for checkpointing: application-transparent and application-assisted. Typically, application-assisted approaches provide a more flexible and light-weight mechanism but require changes to the application. Although most applications run well under virtualization (e.g. Xen which is being adopted widely), the addition of application-assisted checkpointing - used for high availability - causes performance problems. This is due to the overhead of key system calls used by the checkpointing techniques under virtualization. To overcome this, we introduce the notion of hypervisor-assisted application checkpointing with no changes to the guest operating system. We present the design and a Xen-based implementation of our family of application checkpointing techniques. Our experiments show performance improvements of 4× to 13× in the primitives used for supporting high availability compared to purely user-level approaches.
Lee et al. (Wed,) studied this question.