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The rapid adoption of automation in the Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is triggering Industry 4.0 (I4.0), integrating cloud computing, machine learning (ML), artificial intelligence (AI), and universal network connectivity into traditionally isolated systems. These I4.0 changes are optimizing the performance of Smart Manufacturing (SM) systems at the cost of increased complexity, exposing I4.0 systems to more cyberattacks than ever before. To address these challenges, this work presents DT4I4-Secure: A Digital Twin Framework for Industry 4.0 Security. The DT4I4-Secure presents a framework to create Digital Twins (DT) for I4.0 systems using a combination of models (including physics and data-based models). This paper showcases the use of the DT framework to detect attacks on I4.0 systems by comparing observations with future predictions from the DT. This paper evaluates the performance of the DT4I4-Secure for a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) turning process manufacturing a metallic spool, wherein the experimental results show the model can predict normal operations with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.005081. This work also explores using an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) based dynamic threshold instead of a traditional static threshold for attack detection when the CNC turning process is under three separate attack scenarios. The DT4I4-Secure combined with the dynamic threshold shows a 3.46 times improvement in F 1 -Scores over all three attack scenarios for instantaneous attack detection while having 100% accuracy during the manufacturing cycle.
Lin et al. (Thu,) studied this question.