Transition from irrigation with untreated wastewater to treated wastewater and associated benefits and risks

Abstract Investments in “Clean water and sanitation” drive a transition from irrigation with untreated to irrigation with treated wastewater. While this transition reduces many health risks, it may decrease crop yields, and soil carbon storage, cause a release of accumulated pollutants from soils, and increase the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. A holistic view on multiple SDGs is necessary to maximize benefits and minimize risks of wastewater treatment for irrigation.