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This article assesses the impact of childhood interracial contact and parental socialization on adult black identity. The investigation goes beyond previous work by testing hypotheses about the process by which these two factors operate, as well as differentiating between black and person-of-color identities. Evidence is found to support claims that interracial contact in childhood weakens adult feelings of closeness to other blacks. Mixed support for the impact of parental socialization emerges once a more precise definition of identity is employed. With respect to process, insufficient support is found for the claim that childhood factors affect closeness through black culture and outgroup orientation. The article concludes by outlining arguments regarding the merits of black identity and calling for research to help resolve this controversy.
David Harris (Fri,) studied this question.