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Electromagnetic induction sensing (EMI), between ~ 10's of Hz and 100's of kHz, may show the strongest promise for discrimination of subsurface, shallow metallic objects such as unexploded ordnance (UXO). While EMI signals penetrate the soil readily, resolution is low and responses are sometimes ambiguous. For crucial discrimination progress, maximum data diversity is desirable in terms of look angles, frequency spectrum, and full vector scattered field data. Newly developed instrumentation now offers the possibility of full vector UWB EMI data with flexible look angle and sensor distance/sweep, defined by precise laser positioning. Particulars of the equipment and resulting data are displayed. An indication is given of potential advantages for reducing the chronic ill-conditioning of inversion calculations with EMI data, when one takes advantage of the data diversity made possible by the instrumental advances. Some EMI measurement issues cannot be solved by EMI data diversity, as when small surface clutter above a much larger UXO effectively blinds an EMI sensor. EMI surveying must be supplemented by or sometimes replaced by ground penetrating radar (GPR) approaches in such instances.
O’Neill et al. (Tue,) studied this question.