An Integrated Behavioral Framework for Risky Pedestrian Crossing Behavior Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior

Walking plays a crucial role in supporting sustainable transportation systems and is closely linked to the built environment, which influences risky pedestrian crossing behavior. However, prior research has largely focused on constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with limited integration of environmental factors. This research addresses this gap by employing an extended TPB framework to investigate behavioral intentions and their relationship with risky pedestrian crossing behavior. The model incorporates additional variables, including habit, personal norms, past behavior, perceived risk across behavioral and built environmental dimensions, and perceived built environment. An on-site questionnaire survey was conducted at signalised pedestrian crossings in Bangkok, Thailand, and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings demonstrate a significant predictive effect of the core TPB constructs on behavioral intentions. Among the extended variables, habit positively influences intentions toward risky behavior, whereas personal norms and perceived risk have negative effects. Additionally, perceptions of built environment characteristics contribute to perceived physical risk. Overall, the research emphasizes the importance of integrating psychological and perceived built environment dimensions in explaining risky pedestrian crossing behavior. Policy implications emphasize the need to improve the physical environment to support safe mobility, alongside promoting positive attitudes and norms toward safe travel. The findings can further be used to guide the planning of safer pedestrian crossing facilities in urban contexts and to inform interventions that may help reduce risky pedestrian crossing behavior.