African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an evolving threat to global swine health and food security, driven by its complex epidemiology, multi-host transmission cycles, and ongoing spread across countries. This review summarizes the global scenario and transmission pathways of ASFV, highlighting the outbreaks associated with evolving risk patterns to support effective disease prevention and control. ASF has been reported in pig-producing regions across Africa, Europe, and, more recently, Asia, largely driven by the spread of genotype II strains. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected pigs or pig-products, indirectly via contaminated materials, and through soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros spp., with epidemiological patterns varying according to wildlife reservoirs and regional factors. Control measures mainly rely on early detection, movement control, strict quarantine, robust biosecurity measures, and international trade regulations. Despite significant advances, persistent challenges, including the absence of a widely available commercial vaccine, long-term stability of the virus, human activities, and inconsistencies in global response capacities, continue to hinder disease eradication efforts. This review underscores the need for transnational strategies and policies that integrate economically sustainable disease management systems and reduce the long-term impact of ASFV.
Barua et al. (Fri,) studied this question.