Verifying Forecasts Spatially

Numerous new methods have been proposed for using spatial information to better quantify and diagnose forecast performance when forecasts and observations are both available on the same grid. Gilleland et al. (2009) classify the majority of the new spatial verification methods into four broad categories (neighborhood, scale separation, features-based, and field deformation), which themselves can be further generalized into two categories of filter and displacement. Because the methods make use of spatial information in widely different ways, users may be uncertain about what types of information each provides, and which methods may be most beneficial for particular