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Measurement system failures and modeling constraints may make it impossible for the power system state estimator to estimate bus voltage magnitudes and angles at every bus in the power system from the available real-time measurements. Such a measurement deficiency may be remedied by adding pseudo measurements of estimated bus loads. This paper presents a combined observability/measurement placement algorithm that both tests the measured network for observability and evaluates pseudo measurement sites as to the desirability of their inclusion into the measurement set.
Clanents et al. (Fri,) studied this question.